题三：定陵(明神宗朱翊钧;朱翊钧的皇后;定陵考古发掘的过程;定陵地宫布局及陈设;金井;定陵出土文物) 　　Dingling is the tomb of the 13th emperor of the Ming dynasty zhuyijun and his two empresses. Zhuyijun died in 1620 at the age of 58. When he was 6 years old, he was chosen to the crown prince and ascended the throne at the age of 10. He ruled china for 48 years, the longest ruling period of all of the 16 emperors in the Ming dynasty. The only contribution this emperor made was to support Korea against Japanese aggressors, and finally the Japanese aggressors were driven out of Korea. 　　In 1620, when emperor zhuyijun died, he was buried together with his two wives, empress xiaoduan and xiaojing. The first wife Empress Xiaoduan had no son, she died only several months before his death and she was entitled to share the tomb with the emperor. The second wife Empress Xiaojing, who gave birth to a son of the emperor died in 1612, eight years before the emperor’s death and was buried only as an imperial concubine in a nearby tomb. However, the son of the second wife succeeded the throne but died within a month after his succession. He left the throne to his son. After the grandson became the emperor, he decided to promote his grandmother to the rank Empress Dowager so that she could share the Tomb with Emperor Wanli. That’s why Emperor Wanli shared his tomb with two wives.......详细信息

　　题三：定陵(明神宗朱翊钧;朱翊钧的皇后;定陵考古发掘的过程;定陵地宫布局及陈设;金井;定陵出土文物)

　　Dingling is the tomb of the 13th emperor of the Ming dynasty zhuyijun and his two empresses. Zhuyijun died in 1620 at the age of 58. When he was 6 years old, he was chosen to the crown prince and ascended the throne at the age of 10. He ruled china for 48 years, the longest ruling period of all of the 16 emperors in the Ming dynasty. The only contribution this emperor made was to support Korea against Japanese aggressors, and finally the Japanese aggressors were driven out of Korea.

　　In 1620, when emperor zhuyijun died, he was buried together with his two wives, empress xiaoduan and xiaojing. The first wife Empress Xiaoduan had no son, she died only several months before his death and she was entitled to share the tomb with the emperor. The second wife Empress Xiaojing, who gave birth to a son of the emperor died in 1612, eight years before the emperor’s death and was buried only as an imperial concubine in a nearby tomb. However, the son of the second wife succeeded the throne but died within a month after his succession. He left the throne to his son. After the grandson became the emperor, he decided to promote his grandmother to the rank Empress Dowager so that she could share the Tomb with Emperor Wanli. That’s why Emperor Wanli shared his tomb with two wives.

　　Ding ling is the only one of the 13 ming tombs excavated so far. In 1955, a decision was made by the Chinese government to open the ming tombs. According to the original plan, the tomb of chang ling should be first excavated. However, because of the lack of experience, a decision was made to open up a smaller one first. In 1956, an archaeological team found some decayed bricks at the surrounding wall out side the soul tower showing that there had been an archway. It was believed that the tomb tunnel to the underground palace. Later, traces of words like, “the gate of leading tunnel” were found on the wall. That was the starting point, and then the archaeological workers began to dig the first exploration trench. Two months later, they found a narrow brick wall tunnel. From here, they dug another tunnel. After they opened the second tunnel, a stone tablet was uncovered the second tunnel, an inscription with the words: from this stone 160 feet further and 35 feet to the diamond wall, it indicated the sealing wall of the underground palace. So they got a very important clue from this stone for the further excavation of the underground tomb. Then they found a third tunnel and finally found the diamond wall, the entrance of the underground palace. The excavation work was completed in 1958.

　　The under ground palace is 27 meters deep. It consists of 5 chambers: the antechamber, the central chamber, the rear chamber and two annex chambers.

　　The rear chamber is the main chamber and the largest one in the underground palace. There is a coffin-platform in the center with 3coffins placed on it. The middle one is the coffin of emperor wanli. The coffin of his first wife is on the left and the one of his second wife is on the right. There are also 26 red wooden boxes, containing the precious funeral objects, placed on the coffin-platform on both sides of the three coffins. Each coffin is surrounded by some large pieces of uncut jade stone because the ancient people believed that jade could preserve the dead body and prevent decay. A square hole, in the center of the coffin-platform is called gold-well. It was fiiled with yellow clay just to show the sacred connection between the coffin and the earth.

　　To bury the dead at the gold-well and among jade pieces was considered the highest burial in ancient China; so it’s called golden well and jade burial. Unfortunately, the original three coffins and the wooden boxes have already decayed, so the present ones are all reproductions.

　　In the middle chamber there are three marble thrones placed inside for emperor wanli and his two empresses. Originally, the three marble thrones were placed in a triangular pattern, but now they are placed in the same middle line. In front of each throne is placed a set of five glazed pottery altarpieces, consisting of an incense burner in the middle, two candlesticks and two beakers on both sides. In front of each set of five glazed pottery altarpieces, there is a blue-and-white porcelain jar with clouds and dragon designs it is called “ever lasting lamp”.

　　The left and right annex chambers are the same in size and in pattern. Each contains a coffin-platform with a gold-well in the middle, but without any coffin on it.

　　Now, dingling is a museum with the underground palace and two expedition rooms. Totally there are more than 3000pieces of precious objects from dingling. The most famous are: gold crown, phoenix crown, gold ingots and silver ingots and funeral objects and wooden figurines.